Traction Substation Transformers Traction substation transformers are critical components in railway electrification. They step down high-voltage power from the grid to a suitable voltage for railway traction systems. These transformers ensure stable and efficient power supply for electric trains. 1. Function & Purpose 2. Types of Traction Substation Transformers A. Single-Phase Traction Transformers (For AC Read more

Transformers play a crucial role in traction systems, which are used in electric railways, trams, metro systems, and electric vehicles. Their primary functions include voltage transformation, isolation, and power distribution. Here’s how transformers are used in traction applications: 1. Traction Substation Transformers These transformers step down high-voltage electricity from the grid (e.g., 132 kV, 66 Read more

1. Step-Up Transformers (Generator Transformers) Located at the power plant’s output. Increase (step up) the generated voltage (e.g., from 11kV or 33kV to 132kV, 220kV, or higher). Higher voltage reduces transmission losses over long distances. 2. Station Service Transformers Provide power to internal plant equipment (e.g., control systems, motors, lighting). Convert generated voltage to lower Read more

1. Step-Up Transformer – Increases voltage (e.g., from 11 kV to 132 kV for power transmission). 2. Step-Down Transformer – Decreases voltage (e.g., from 230V to 12V for household appliances). — How a Step Transformer Works 1. Primary Coil: Receives AC voltage input. 2. Magnetic Core: Transfers energy between coils through a changing magnetic field. Read more

Cooling Methods in Transformers 1. Dry-Type Transformer Cooling Used for low to medium power transformers, typically up to 10 MVA. AN (Air Natural): Heat dissipates through convection in open air. AF (Air Forced): External fans improve heat dissipation. 2. Oil-Immersed Transformer Cooling Used for high-power transformers (above 10 MVA) since oil has better heat dissipation Read more

2. Tapping a Transformer for Signal Extraction 3. Mechanical Tapping on a Transformer (Fault Detection) 4. Neural Network Transformers (AI/ML) – Attention Tapping Read more

2. Step-Down Transformers Unlike step-up transformers, step-down transformers reduce high voltage to a lower level. These are primarily used in applications that require low voltage but high current. Their most common usage is in residential areas and small commercial establishments. 3. Three-Phase Transformers Many industrial and commercial machines operate on three-phase power systems. Using three Read more

Earth (Ground) Resistance Testing is a crucial electrical test used to measure the resistance between an electrical system and the earth. It ensures that grounding systems provide a safe and low-resistance path for fault currents, protecting equipment and personnel from electric shock hazards. Importance of Ground Resistance Testing Ensures effective grounding for electrical safety. Prevents Read more

Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) is a diagnostic technique used to assess the mechanical and electrical integrity of power transformers, reactors, and other high-voltage equipment. It is primarily used to detect mechanical deformations, winding movements, and core issues that can arise due to short circuits, transportation stresses, aging, or manufacturing defects. Principle of SFRA SFRA Read more

1. Core The core acts as a support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low reluctance path to the flow of magnetic flux. The winding is wound on the core, as shown in the picture. It is made up of a laminated soft iron core in order to reduce the losses Read more